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2007-06-07

寻找Higgs粒子背后的竞争

寻找Higgs粒子背后的竞争

作者:Jenny Hogan 文,葛韶锋 译
注释:Behind the hunt for the Higgs boson, news@nature(译文 1390字)
引用网址:http://www.qiji.cn/eprint/abs/3348.html
相关网址:http://www.nature.com/news/2007/070115/full/445239a.html

摘要/内容:

    寻找神秘的Higgs玻色子的竞争进一步地升级了。

    在大西洋两岸的美国费米实验室(FermiLab)和欧洲核子中心(CERN)对于寻找Higgs玻色子[1]——这种神奇的粒子对于物理学家们理解物质质量的起源非常关键——的竞争进入到了更为紧张的状态。

    在位于伊利诺斯州(Illinois)巴达维亚(Batavia)的费米实验室,科学家们利用Tevatron加速器上的探测器在新年到来的时候以更高的 精度测量了W玻色子的质量[2]。这使得对于Higgs质量的估计有所降低,以至于在Tevatron上也有可能被观测到。

    与此同时,比Tevatron更为强大的对手,也就是欧洲核子中心——这是一个位于瑞士日内瓦附近的欧洲粒子物理实验室——的大型强子对撞机 (LHC: Large Hadron Collider)已经进入到了建造的最后阶段[3]。如果Higgs粒子存在,LHC应该能够发现它,但是现在有迹象表明,费米实验室的 Tevatron有可能抢先发现Higgs粒子,这个消息促使这两个实验组铆足了劲地竞争。Mark Lancaster是在Tevatron加速器CDF(Collider Detector at Fermilab)探测器——这是用来收集和分析从质子反质子(Proton-Antiproton)碰撞中产生粒子信息的实验装置——上工作的七百多位 科学家之一,据他透露,CDF实验组正在一刻不停地进行实验和分析数据。

    Jim Virdee是LHC上紧凑谬子谱议CMS(Compact Muon Spectrometer)实验组的发言人,他说:"我们对于这种竞争当然很清楚,它使得我们必须确保各个实验组和加速器能够准时就位。"LHC加速器及 其探测器的众多部件正在被安装到地下隧道中。

    Higgs粒子是粒子物理标准模型(Standard Model of Particle Physics)预言的粒子中唯一一个尚未被探测到的粒子,如果它存在,标准模型就可以解释已知的相互作用和粒子的性质。而如果不存在Higgs粒子,就 必须对标准模型进行修改,扩充后的理论会变得非常复杂,这使得物理学家们更希望Higgs是存在的。

    目前对于估计中的Higgs质量范围又有所缩小,这使得Tevatron有希望能够发现这一粒子。在2004年的时候,估计的质量上限大概是 250GeV(Gigaelectron Volts),而Tevatron的能量上限则是170GeV,当时普遍认为Tevatron可能没有机会发现Higgs粒子。

    但是对于Higgs粒子质量的估计是基于其它粒子的质量大小的,比如说Top夸克和W玻色子的质量,对于这些参数的最新测量使得对Higgs粒子 质量的估计发生了变化,其上限变低了。今年一月八日,CDF实验组宣布他们测得W玻色子的质量为80.413GeV,其精度比以前的测量都更为精确 [2]。

    上图与先前的估计是相符的,但是Higgs粒子质量的可能范围位于红线的右侧部分——左侧部分已经被LEP实验组的测量结果排除了——并且 Higgs质量的上限从166GeV降到了153GeV。欧洲核子中心的大型正负电子对撞机(LEP: Large Electron-Positron Collider)一直运行到了2000年,它的测量结果排除了Higgs粒子质量轻于114.4GeV的可能性,只有一小部分区间是可能的,也就是红线 右边的部分。

    在这之后的一段时间,一直到现在,Tevatron努力克服其性能的不足,终于看到了一线希望。因此,虽然由于预算的限制迫使其不得不关闭一段时 间,但是那里的研究者们依然保持着乐观。Lancaster觉得他们至少有争取了三年的时间。Tevatron会一直运行到2009年,虽然LHC今年十 一月就要开始运行了,但是要想真正开始收集数据至少要等到明年的春季。

    如果Tevatron发布的下一个消息是不存在Higgs粒子,那么这将是非常令人尴尬的事情。当年,就在LEP即将关闭从而让位于LHC的时 候,曾经一度发现Higgs粒子的质量可能大概就在115GeV附近。CERN的科学家们一直为差一点就能够在2001年时就能够发现Higgs粒子,但 最终让它逃脱感到耿耿于怀,然而Tevatron即将有足够的数据排除存在这一可能。除非在接下来的几个月内发生一些意外,否则LEP的精灵将最终被打 倒,这就意味着标准模型预言的Higgs玻色子不存在。Lancaster说:"可以说我们有可能在LHC开始运行之前就排除LEP实验组先前得到的这一 迹象。"如果真是这样,LHC的命运就堪虞了。

    参考阅读:
    [1]Higgs玻色子是什么?
    [2]费米实验室:Higgs 粒子质量比预计的小
    [3]大型强子对撞机(LHC)将于2007年启动
全文/附件: WORD下载 / 给资料打分 10.00 (1票) / 发表评论 /
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用声音把热能转化为电能

 
 

Sent to you by forcode via Google Reader:

 
 

用声音把热能转化为电能

via 煎蛋 by cunni on Jun 06, 2007


犹他大学的一位物理学家宣称他们发现了一种方法,可以使用一种体积很小的声音装置将热能通过转化为电能。这位教授的五个学生还改进了方法使得其效率更高,他们将会在六月八日,也就是后天在盐湖城举办的美国声学年会上宣布这项研究的具体情况。并希望在两年之内,这项技术能够成为现有的太阳能电池的替代品,并且能在现有的一些发热较大又电力紧张的设备,比如手提电脑上,提供辅助的循环性能源供应。

#Cunni:要是能用电能把热转化为声音对我倒是更有吸引力一些,很想听听阳光的声音!

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2007-06-06

量子通信技术新突破

 " 一群物理学家进行了一次创纪录的量子数据传输,距离达到了144公里(89英里),是以前记录的10倍,数据从西班牙La Palma的Canary岛发送到了邻近的Tenerife岛。科学家们采用的传输技术利用了光子等粒子的量子纠缠性。这东西有点类似双胞胎的心灵感应,当两个粒子分属两地,其中一个受到刺激,另一个也会受到影响。这就是纠缠性,爱因斯坦称之为"诡异的互动性"。实验者在Canary岛上制造了许多光子对。光子对中的一个留在本地,另一个通过自由空间里面的线路传送到144公里外的另一个岛上。科学家希望这项技术能成为未来传送加密数据方法的基础。"
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我从NASA公布的高清晰火星照片中截取了一些好看的桌面大图片(6张)




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几张比较好看的火星图片

Victoria Crater at Meridiani Planum
Victoria Crater at Meridiani Planum TRA_000873_1780  |  Media credit: NASA/JPL/University of Arizona
Viking Lander 1 (Thomas Mutch Memorial Station)
Viking Lander 1 (Thomas Mutch Memorial Station) PSP_001521_2025  |  Media credit: NASA/JPL/University of Arizona
Craters on South Polar Layered Deposits
Craters on South Polar Layered Deposits PSP_002882_0940  |  Media credit: NASA/JPL/University of Arizona
Dissected Mantled Terrain
Dissected Mantled Terrain PSP_002917_2175  |  Media credit: NASA/JPL/University of Arizona

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2007-06-05

NASA公布的高清晰火星照片


Spring Colors on the Southern Polar Cap on Mars
Spring Colors on the Southern Polar Cap on Mars (PSP_003734_0950)
4 Jun 2007
Recent Landslide in Zunil Crater
Recent Landslide in Zunil Crater (PSP_001764_1880)
4 Jun 2007
Gullies
Gullies (PSP_001330_1395)
1 Jun 2007
Scalloped Terrain
Scalloped Terrain (PSP_001331_2260)
1 Jun 2007
Exposure of Polar Layered Deposits with Angular Unconformity
Exposure of Polar Layered Deposits with Angular Unconformity (PSP_001332_2620)
1 Jun 2007
Possible Phoenix Lander Landing Site
Possible Phoenix Lander Landing Site (PSP_001333_2485)
1 Jun 2007
Fretted Terrain Valleys and Apron Materials
Fretted Terrain Valleys and Apron Materials (PSP_001334_2215)
1 Jun 2007
Fan/Deltaic Landform in West Eberswalde Crater
Fan/Deltaic Landform in West Eberswalde Crater (PSP_001336_1560)
1 Jun 2007
Possible Phoenix Lander Landing Site
Possible Phoenix Lander Landing Site (PSP_001337_2480)
1 Jun 2007
Tithonium Catena Pit Chain
Tithonium Catena Pit Chain (PSP_001338_1765)
1 Jun 2007
Possible Phoenix Lander Landing Site
Possible Phoenix Lander Landing Site (PSP_001338_2480)
1 Jun 2007
East Amazonis Region
East Amazonis Region (PSP_001340_1945)
1 Jun 2007
Marte Valles
Marte Valles (PSP_001341_2010)
1 Jun 2007
Possible Phoenix Lander Landing Site
Possible Phoenix Lander Landing Site (PSP_001341_2485)
1 Jun 2007
North Polar Scarp and Layers
North Polar Scarp and Layers (PSP_001341_2650)
1 Jun 2007
Many Small Zunil Secondary Craters
Many Small Zunil Secondary Craters (PSP_001342_1910)
1 Jun 2007
Exposure of Polar Layered Deposits Not Well Covered by Mars Global Surveyor
Exposure of Polar Layered Deposits Not Well Covered by Mars Global Surveyor (PSP_001342_2680)
1 Jun 2007
Polygonal Crater Fill Surrounded by Smooth Plains
Polygonal Crater Fill Surrounded by Smooth Plains (PSP_001343_1970)
1 Jun 2007
Possible Phoenix Lander Landing Site
Possible Phoenix Lander Landing Site (PSP_001343_2510)
1 Jun 2007
Possible Phoenix Lander Landing Site
Possible Phoenix Lander Landing Site (PSP_001344_2465)
1 Jun 2007
Layered Material in Spallanzani Crater
Layered Material in Spallanzani Crater (PSP_001345_1215)
1 Jun 2007
Possible Phoenix Lander Landing Site
Possible Phoenix Lander Landing Site (PSP_001345_2480)
1 Jun 2007
Interesting Crater in Meridiani Planum
Interesting Crater in Meridiani Planum (PSP_001348_1770)
1 Jun 2007
Possible MSL Rover Landing Site - Gullies/Wirtz Crater
Possible MSL Rover Landing Site - Gullies/Wirtz Crater (PSP_001349_1310)
1 Jun 2007
Distal End of Valles Marineris Landslide
Distal End of Valles Marineris Landslide (PSP_001350_1655)
1 Jun 2007
Exposure of Polar Layered Deposits Not Well Covered by Mars Global Surveyor
Exposure of Polar Layered Deposits Not Well Covered by Mars Global Surveyor (PSP_001350_2710)
1 Jun 2007
Light-Toned Layered Outcrops South of Ius Chasma, in MOC Image S06-01260
Light-Toned Layered Outcrops South of Ius Chasma, in MOC Image S06-01260 (PSP_001351_1715)
1 Jun 2007
Possible Phoenix Lander Landing Site
Possible Phoenix Lander Landing Site (PSP_001351_2490)
1 Jun 2007
Crater with Gullies
Crater with Gullies (PSP_001357_2200)
1 Jun 2007
Possible Phoenix Lander Landing Site
Possible Phoenix Lander Landing Site (PSP_001358_2485)
1 Jun 2007
North Polar Layer Exposure - Unconformable Layering
North Polar Layer Exposure - Unconformable Layering (PSP_001360_2590)
1 Jun 2007
Ius Chasma
Ius Chasma (PSP_001364_1715)
1 Jun 2007
East Mareotis Tholus
East Mareotis Tholus (PSP_001364_2160)
1 Jun 2007
Exposure of Polar Layered Deposits Not Well Covered by Mars Global Surveyor
Exposure of Polar Layered Deposits Not Well Covered by Mars Global Surveyor (PSP_001364_2690)
1 Jun 2007
Exposure of Polar Layered Deposits Not Well Covered by Mars Global Surveyor
Exposure of Polar Layered Deposits Not Well Covered by Mars Global Surveyor (PSP_001365_2720)
1 Jun 2007
Gratteri Crater - Flow Ejecta Plus Rocks
Gratteri Crater - Flow Ejecta Plus Rocks (PSP_001367_1620)
1 Jun 2007
Gully Apron in Crater, As Seen in MOC Images S13-03106 and R18-00535
Gully Apron in Crater, As Seen in MOC Images S13-03106 and R18-00535 (PSP_001368_1400)
1 Jun 2007
Small Unnamed Crater Possibly Containing Water Ice
Small Unnamed Crater Possibly Containing Water Ice (PSP_001370_2505)
1 Jun 2007
Exposure of Polar Layered Deposits Not Well Covered by Mars Global Surveyor
Exposure of Polar Layered Deposits Not Well Covered by Mars Global Surveyor (PSP_001371_2720)
1 Jun 2007
Fretted Terrain Valleys in the Choloe Fossae Region - Closed Basin
Fretted Terrain Valleys in the Choloe Fossae Region - Closed Basin (PSP_001372_2160)
1 Jun 2007
Possible Phoenix Lander Landing Site
Possible Phoenix Lander Landing Site (PSP_001373_2460)
1 Jun 2007
Layering in Exhumed Crater at Meridiani Planum
Layering in Exhumed Crater at Meridiani Planum (PSP_001374_1805)
1 Jun 2007
Chasma Boreale Scarp with Possible Gypsum
Chasma Boreale Scarp with Possible Gypsum (PSP_001374_2650)
1 Jun 2007
Possible Phoenix Lander Landing Site
Possible Phoenix Lander Landing Site (PSP_001375_2485)
1 Jun 2007
Light Interior Layered Deposits Near Capri Mensa
Light Interior Layered Deposits Near Capri Mensa (PSP_001376_1675)
1 Jun 2007
Angular Unconformity in North Polar Layered Deposits
Angular Unconformity in North Polar Layered Deposits (PSP_001376_2665)
1 Jun 2007
Survey Layering and Faulting in Layered Deposits in Candor Chasma
Survey Layering and Faulting in Layered Deposits in Candor Chasma (PSP_001377_1685)
1 Jun 2007
Possible Phoenix Lander Landing Site
Possible Phoenix Lander Landing Site (PSP_001377_2475)
1 Jun 2007

North Polar Layered Deposits and Basal Unit Stratigraphy
North Polar Layered Deposits and Basal Unit Stratigraphy (PSP_001378_2640)
1 Jun 2007
Karzok Crater on Olympus Mons
Karzok Crater on Olympus Mons (PSP_001379_1985)
1 Jun 2007
Exposure of Polar Layered Deposits Not Well Covered by Mars Global Surveyor
Exposure of Polar Layered Deposits Not Well Covered by Mars Global Surveyor (PSP_001379_2680)
1 Jun 2007
Possible Phoenix Lander Landing Site
Possible Phoenix Lander Landing Site (PSP_001380_2520)
1 Jun 2007
Possible Phoenix Lander Landing Site
Possible Phoenix Lander Landing Site (PSP_001381_2485)
1 Jun 2007
Possible Phoenix Lander Landing Site
Possible Phoenix Lander Landing Site (PSP_001384_2505)
1 Jun 2007
Exposure of Polar Layered Deposits Not Well Covered by Mars Global Surveyor
Exposure of Polar Layered Deposits Not Well Covered by Mars Global Surveyor (PSP_001385_2680)
1 Jun 2007
Chasma Boreale
Chasma Boreale (PSP_001386_2650)
1 Jun 2007
Delta in Crater South of Parana Basin
Delta in Crater South of Parana Basin (PSP_001388_1565)
1 Jun 2007
Mawrth Vallis Layered Terrain
Mawrth Vallis Layered Terrain (PSP_001388_2035)
1 Jun 2007
Gullies/Aprons in North Mid-Latitude Crater, As Seen in MOC Images
Gullies/Aprons in North Mid-Latitude Crater, As Seen in MOC Images (PSP_001389_2225)
1 Jun 2007
Possible Phoenix Lander Landing Site
Possible Phoenix Lander Landing Site (PSP_001391_2465)
1 Jun 2007
Basal Unit in North Polar Layered Deposits Scarp
Basal Unit in North Polar Layered Deposits Scarp (PSP_001394_2650)
1 Jun 2007
Northern Residual Cap Crater
Northern Residual Cap Crater (PSP_001406_2680)
1 Jun 2007
Possible Inverted Channel in Filled Crater
Possible Inverted Channel in Filled Crater (PSP_001412_1955)
1 Jun 2007
Stratigraphic Section of Chasma Boreale Scarp
Stratigraphic Section of Chasma Boreale Scarp (PSP_001412_2650)
1 Jun 2007
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