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2007-09-29

奇想录小专题:潮汐发电技术

forcode:昨晚从煎蛋看到了这个帖子,然后去 digg找到了新闻来源页,搜索到了这个公司的网站,找到了更多图片和信息。然后还在百度百科找到了潮汐发电的一些介绍资料,另外又查到了英国另外一个潮 汐发电技术的公司SMD的tidEL,也有一些相关的图片,翻译了几个关键的参数,其他一些直接粘过来英文,对潮汐发电技术感兴趣的朋友可以自己看看。潮 汐的能量来源是月球的引力,真是有趣,我们在利用另一个星球的能量,而且是利用可以遥远距离发生作用的万有引力。不过仔细想想,也没什么奇怪的,水力发电 利用势能,其实也是地球的引力。我们地球的多数能量来源其实就是另一个星球——太阳。所以,利用外星球的能量也没那么神秘。
世界上最大的潮汐发电涡轮机(图)
注:此文首发于煎蛋,原作者为 阿企 (专栏)。

一个名叫 Marine Current Turbines 的公司今年八月份即将在北爱尔兰的 Strangford 湖安装一个潮汐发电涡轮机,功率是 1.2 兆瓦特,大约能够为 1000 户家庭提供清洁的电力。这个被命名为 SeaGen 的涡轮机以明显的优势超越了现有的潮汐发电设备将成为世界上最大的潮汐涡轮机。这种涡轮机在未来几年内有望被大规模使用。SeaGen 涡轮机的转子转速很慢:平均每分钟约 20 转。相比之下,一艘轮船的螺旋推进器转速一般比它快 10 倍。

另外,来自SeaGen 动叶片影响的风险也很小,因为在强水流中活动的海洋生物通常比较敏捷,能够躲过慢速运动的水下障碍物。

#tobe 记得中学地理课上老师讲潮汐发电不太现实,而且利用效率不高,这不,在人家大英帝国的北爱尔兰就实现了。

下面是一些图片:

http://www.marineturbines.com/projects.htm
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image of Seaflow single rotor experimental turbine being installed under Phase 1

Hybrid mage of Seaflow turbine installed at Lynmouth, May 2003 (photo above, artist's impression below)

image of twin rotor pre-commercial prototype to be developed under Phases 1a and 2

Image of twin rotor pre-commercial prototype to be developed under Phases 1a and 2

small array of turbines to be installed as Phase 3 (by adding turbines to the Phase 2 unit)

Small array of turbines to be installed as Phase 3 (by adding turbines to the Phase 2 unit)

The basic requirements for cost-effective power generation From tidal streams using MCT's technology are a mean spring peak velocity exceeding about 2.25 to 2.5m/s (4.5 to 5 knots) with a depth of water of 20 to 30m - the red spots on the map (right) show some of the locations meeting these criteria around the UK and northern France.
MCT的潮汐发电技术要求春季海浪速度峰值超过2.25到2.5米每秒(4.5到5节),海水深度20-30米,下图中的红点是英国与法国北部海峡之间符合这个要求的地点。
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功率300千瓦,涡轮叶片直径11米的转子。
experimental 300kW single 11m diameter rotor system off Lynmouth, Devon, UK



潮汐发电

由于引潮力的作用,使海水不断地涨潮、落潮。涨潮时,大量海水汹涌而来,具有很大的动能;同时,水位逐渐升高,动能转化为 势能。落潮时,海水奔腾而归,水位陆续下降,势能又转化为动能。海水在运动时所具有的动能和势能统称为 潮汐能

我国大陆海岸线长,岛屿众多,北起鸭绿江口,南到北仑河口,长达18000多公里,加上5000多个岛屿的海岸线14000多公里,海岸线共长 32000多公里,因此潮汐能资源是很丰富的。据不完全统计,全国潮汐能蕴藏量为1.1亿千瓦,年发电量可达2750千瓦时,其中可供开发的约3850万 千瓦,年发电量870亿千瓦时,大约相当于40多个新安江水电站。目前我国潮汐电站总装机容量已有1万多千瓦。

潮汐能的重要应用之一是发电。1913年德国在北海海岸建立了第一座潮汐发电站。1957年我国在山东建成了第一座潮汐发 电站。1978年8月1日山东乳山县后沙口潮汐电站开始发电,年发电量230万千瓦时。1980年8月4日我国第一座"单库双向"式潮汐电站──江厦潮汐 试验电站正式发电,装机容量为3000千瓦,年平均发电1070万千瓦时,其规模仅次于法国朗斯潮汐电站(装机容量为24万千瓦,年发电5.4亿千瓦 时),是当时世界第二大潮汐发电站。

简单地说,潮汐发电就是在海湾或有潮汐的河口建筑一座拦水堤坝,形成水库,并在坝中或坝旁放置水轮发电机组,利用潮汐涨落时海水水位的升降,使海水通过水轮机时推动水轮发电机组发电。从能量的角度说,就是利用海水的势能和动能,通过水轮发电机转化为 电能

潮汐发电的型式有三种

第一种是单库单向电站。即只用一个水库,仅在涨潮(或落潮)时发电,我国浙江省温岭县沙山潮汐电站就是这种类型。

第二种是单库双向电站。用一个水库,但是涨潮与落潮时均可发电,只是在平潮时不能发电,广东省东莞县的镇口潮汐电站及浙江省温岭县江厦潮汐电站,就是这种型式。

第三种是双库双向电站。它是用二个相邻的水库,使一个水库在涨潮时进水,另一个水库在落潮时放水,这样前一个水库的水位总比后一个水库的水位高,故前者称为上水库,后者称为下水库。水轮发电机组放在两水库之间的隔坝内,两水库始终保持着水位差,故可以全天发电。

潮汐发电的优点是成本低,每度电的成本只相当火电站的八分之一。

英国将推广水下潮汐发电 安装方便且不污染环境
据《自然》杂志报道,英国SMD公司新发明了一种可以利用海上水下潮汐为动力发电的简易设备TIDEL,它不仅安装方便,并且不影响和污染环境。这套设备将很快进入实用,并代替海岸上的发电装置。
新的发电机采用双叶轮机,根据海上特点,它的叶轮可以在正反两个方向转动时,都能带动发电设备发电,这样就很好地利用了海上涨潮和退潮时的动力。
今年1月,该公司成功地进行了发电设备的试运营。上周,在伦敦召开的2004年国际海洋学大会上,这套设备被正式介绍给了与会的专家和学者。发明者们希望,它将在明年被安装到欧洲海洋能源中心。伦敦皇家学院的机电工程师提姆·格林说:"利用潮汐发电比用风力发电稳定得多。这种发电方式对英国能源的开发将是一个重大推动。"目前的潮汐发电设备多是体积庞大,并需要安装在河口等处,影响航运和生态环境。专家说,新设备的优点显而易见,甚至不妨碍海面景色.
目前专家们着眼于降低制造成本和向深海发展。英国贸易和工业部已决定投资该设备。
来源:北京晚报 作者:温玉顺

In a previous post we saw plans to propel freight ships with the help of giant paraglider-like sails. Here, instead of going up to catch high-speed air currents, TidEl technology goes down to the bottom of the ocean to harness strong water currents. Another winner of an Echo-Tech award at this year's World Expo, TidEl technology, developed by SMD Hydrovision out of the UK, operates much like a wind turbine but instead uses the twice daily tidal movement of ocean water to generate power. Moored on chains to a point on the sea floor, the twin turbines are free to move and change direction as the tide goes in and out. Currently the company has only gotten as far as a 1:10 model in a testing tank. On the real thing, each turbine would be 15 meters across with a 500 kW combined output…
Unlike wave power, these devices would be as many as 30 meters below the surface, safe From storms, seagulls, what have you. While being way down there may pose a unique set of challenges, the company claims TidEl can be remotely triggered to rise to the surface for routine maintenance. Technologies like TidEl may be a welcome alternative to wind farms that take up large areas on land or at sea, and also may satisfy those who find wind farms unsightly. Underwater energy farms may also offer an alternative to massive hydroelectric dams that prove so ecologically and socially disruptive. As of yet, nothing has been said of the potential impacts on aquatic ecosystems From tidal stream turbines (although let your imagination run for a second and you might be on to something). Proposed turbine farms would range From 30 to 100 units, providing a max. output of 100 megawatts per farm. Energy would be transmitted to land along underwater cable. The underwater vehicles that lay this cable (again, let your imagination run) are also available From SMD Hydrovision.

Lastly, since the motion of the ocean is largely a result of the gravitational force of the moon as it literally bulges the sea From one side of the earth to the other, couldn't we say this is lunar energy ? Solar is so clearly over.
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TidEl tidal stream generator
TidEl is the result of 30 months of development to produce a reliable method of capturing energy From the sea's tides.The result is a proven design that:
  • is economical to install, operate and decommission.
  • requires no support structure
  • generates electricity at prices comparable with wind power

Drawing on over 30 years of underwater vehicle innovation, the device is completely novel in that it floats and is restrained submerged to the seabed using a mooring arrangement. As the potentially damaging effects of large waves pass overhead with little impact on the performance of the generator, the system is designed for the typical loads rather than the storm loads; saving on weight, size and of course cost.

The generator being free to move in line with the direction of the tide is able to follow the tide backwards and forwards as it changes direction twice a day, without the need for additional controls to re-orientate it.

A 1:10 scale scale system partly funded by the dti has successfully completed a seven week trial program at the New and Renewable Energy Centre (NaREC) in Blyth.

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