MIT开放课件 » 科学，技术与社会 » 科学技术的社会研究

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MIT开放课件首页 » 科学，技术与社会 » 科学技术的社会研究，2004 春季
http://tinyurl.com/5pqkpr
师资
授课教师：
Stefan Helmreich 教授
课程安排
讲座：
1 节/星期
3 小时/节
课程级别
研究生
翻译
郭勉成 博士 比较教育学
E-mail:guomiancheng@
yahoo.com.cn

北京师范大学国际与比较教育研究所05级博士生
审校
林成滔
科技哲学 博士
比较教育 在岗博士后

北京师范大学国际与比较教育研究所博士后
反馈意见

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STS.350 科学技术的社会研究，2004 春季
Robot.

机器人。 (图片承蒙 太平洋西北国家实验室提供。)
课程特点
本课程的特点是含有广泛的 参考读物.
课程简介

本课程将考查科学元勘（或曰科学元研究--译者注）的经典理论和最新理论。我们的讨论将围绕"重演"这一概念展开。此概念将指称：

   1. 科学重演（结果如何在实验室、实地和学科领域等环境中得以重复）
   2. 社会重演（社会知识和社会关系是如何在时代变化中再生的）
   3. 生物重演（在基因时代有机物质是如何得到操控的）
   4. 电子重演（在转换、模拟和计算技术中，信息是如何得以重组的）。

通过考查这几类重演的交叉部分和横断面，我们希望能够描绘我们的社会生活、生物生活和电子生活之间关系的图景。

教学大纲
课程简介

科学技术的社会研究是一个跨学科领域，其研究宗旨是理解作为一种社会实践的科学。科学元勘（又称科学元研究--译者注）综合采用来自科学史、科学哲学、科学机构与科学知识社会学、人类学、女性主义、批判种族理论、后殖民主义研究和酷儿理论的视角，认为科学与技术是深深地交织在人类的文化与政治之中的。本课程将考查科学元勘的经典的合最新的理论与研究方法。我们将围绕"重演"的概念来组织课堂教学内容。此概念将指称：

   1.
      科学重演（结果如何在实验室、实地和学科领域等环境中重演）
   2.
      社会重演（社会知识和社会关系是如何在时代变化中再生的）
   3.
      生物重演（基因时代中有机物质是如何得到操控的）
   4.
      电子重演（在转换、模拟和计算技术中，信息是如何得以重组的）。通过考查这些类型的重演的交叉部分和横断面，我们希望能够描绘我们的社会生活、生物生活和电子生活之间关系的图景。

要求

这门课是一个习明纳（习明纳是源于德国的一种研究班授课形式—译者注）。要求学生至少作一次习明纳演讲，在演讲中要对演讲当日所指定的参考读物中的观点立场作出批判性评析。本课程有两项书面作业：写一篇关于前6个课时中所阅读到的参考读物的短论文（5页）（第7课时前完成），以及写一篇15-20页的研究性论文，使用课堂教学内容研讨一项科学的社会分析的个案研究（第八课时前应当完成研究计划；论文终稿应当在第14课时前完成）。这门课的期终考核成绩的30%将基于课堂出勤率，20%基于短论文，50%基于研究论文。
必读书目

Latour, Bruno, and Steve Woolgar. Laboratory Life: The Construction of Scientific Facts. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1986 (First Edition, London: Sage, 1979). ISBN: 069102832X.

Knorr-Cetina, Karin. Epistemic Cultures: How the Sciences Make Knowledge. Harvard, MA: Harvard University Press, 1999. ISBN: 0674258940.

Lock, Margaret. Twice Dead: Organ Transplants and the Reinvention of Death. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 2002. ISBN: 0520228146.

Hayden, Cori. When Nature Goes Public: The Making and Unmaking of Bioprospecting in Mexico. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2003. ISBN: 0691095574.

教学日程
课程安排. 课时 #     教学主题     日期
1     导论    
2     科学哲学：从逻辑实证主义到反实证主义    
3     科学知识社会学I：强纲领    
4     科学哲学II：从实在论到建构主义    
5     科学知识社会学II：网络，机构，实践，聚会    
6     科学知识社会学III：机构与文化    
7     女性主义与科学     完成短论文
8     电子人     完成研究计划书
9     种族与科学    
10     生物社会性    
11     医药    
12     技术修辞学：留声机，电话，磁带，样品    
13     科技制造的后殖民主义地点与空间    
14     课堂会议     完成研究论文

参考读物

参考读物是按照课时列出的。
推荐的参考资料来源：书评、选集和作品集。

Rouse, Joseph. "What Are Cultural Studies of Scientific Knowledge?" Configurations 1, no.1 (1992): 57-94.

Traweek, Sharon. "An Introduction to Cultural, Gender, and Social Studies of Science and Technology." Journal of Culture, Medicine, and Psychiatry 17 (1993): 3-25.

Haraway, Donna. "A Game of Cat's Cradle: Science Studies, Feminist Theory, Cultural Studies." Configurations 1 (1994): 59-71.

Hess, David. Science Studies: An Advanced Introduction. New York, NY: New York University Press, 1997. ISBN: 0814735649.

Biagioli, Mario, ed. The Science Studies Reader. New York, NY: Routledge, 1999. ISBN: 0415918685.

Jasanoff, Sheila, Gerald Markle, James Petersen, and Trevor Pinch, eds. Handbook of Science and Technology Studies. Revised Edition. London, UK: Sage, 2002. ISBN: 0761924981.

Fischer, Michael M. J. "Modules for a Science, Technology, and Society Curriculum: STS @the-Turn_[]000.mit.edu." In Emergent Forms of Life and the Anthropological Voice. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2003, pp. 333-369. ISBN: 0822332388.

Sismondo, Sergio. An Introduction to Science and Technology Studies. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2004. ISBN: 0631234446.
期刊

Configurations

ctheory.net

Isis

Science as Culture

Science in Context

Science, Technology, and Human Values

Social Studies of Science

Technology and Culture
课时及参考读物

课程读物。 课时 #     主题     参考读物
1     导论    
2     科学哲学：从逻辑实证主义到反实证主义     Galison, Peter. "Aufbau/Bauhaus: Logical Positivism and Architectural Modernism." Critical Inquiry 16, no. 4 (1990): 709-752.

Popper, Karl. 1934. Scientific Method & Falsificationism versus Conventionalism, from The Logic of Scientific Discovery. In The Philosophy of Science. Edited by Richard Boyd, Philip Gasper, and J. D. Trout. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1991, pp. 99-112. ISBN: 0262023156.

Fleck, Ludwig. 1935. "Epistemological Conclusions from the Established History of a Concept." In Genesis and Development of a Scientific Fact. Translated from the German by Fred Bradley and Thaddeus J. Trenn. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 1979, pp. 20-51. ISBN: 0226253252.

Kuhn, Thomas. 1962, 1970. The Nature and Necessity of Scientific Revolutions, from The Structure of Scientific Revolutions. In The Philosophy of Science. Edited by Richard Boyd, Philip Gasper, and J. D. Trout. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1991, pp. 148-157. ISBN: 0262023156.

Feyerabend, Paul. 1993. "Introduction to the Chinese Edition, Introduction, 1-3." In Against Method. 3rd ed. London, UK: Verso (First Edition, 1975), pp. 1-4, and 9-32. ISBN: 086091481X.

Galison, Peter. "The Trading Zone: Coordinating Action and Belief, 9.2-9.8." In Image and Logic: A Material Culture of Microphysics. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 1997, pp. 784-840. ISBN: 0226279170.
3     科学知识社会学I：强纲领     Bloor, David. 1991. "The Strong Programme in the Sociology of Knowledge." In Knowledge and Social Imagery. 2nd ed. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press (First Edition, London, UK: New York, NY: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1976), pp. 3-23. ISBN: 0710083777.

Collins, Harry, and Trevor Pinch. 1998. "A New Window on the Universe: The Non-Detection of Gravitational Radiation." In The Golem: What You Should Know about Science. 2nd ed. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press (First Edition, 1993), pp. 91-107. Excerpted and updated from Collins, Harry. Changing Order: Replication and Induction in Scientific Practice. London, UK: Beverly Hills, CA: Sage, 1985. ISBN: 0521645506.

Latour, Bruno, and Steve Woolgar. 1986. Laboratory Life: The Construction of Scientific Facts. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press (First Edition, London, UK: Beverly Hills, CA: Sage, 1979). ISBN: 069102832X.
4     科学哲学II：从实在论到建构主义     Hacking, Ian. "Experimentation and Scientific Realism." Philosophical Topics 13 (1982): 71-87.

Latour, Bruno. "Opening Pandora's Black Box." In Science in Action: How to Follow Scientists and Engineers through Society. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1987, pp. 1-17. ISBN: 0674792904.

———. 1991. "Constitution & Relativism." In We Have Never Been Modern. Translated from the French by Catherine Porter. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1993, pp. 13-48, and 91-129. ISBN: 0674948394.

Mallavarapu, Srikanth. 2003. The Idea of Incommensurability & Bruno Latour and the Modernity that Never Existed. In Possible Worlds in Science Studies: A Postcolonial Perspective. Dissertation in English at SUNY Stony Brook, 13-43, 71-88.

Fujimura, Joan. "Authorizing Knowledge in Science and Anthropology." American Anthropologist 100, no. 2 (1998): 347-360.

Barad, Karen. "Agential Realism: Feminist Interventions in Understanding Scientific Practices." In The Science Studies Reader. Edited by Mario Biagioli. New York, NY: Routledge, 1999, pp. 1-11. ISBN: 0415918685.
5     科学知识社会学II：网络，机构，实践，聚会     Shapin, Steven. 1988. "The House of Experiment in Seventeenth-Century England." In The Science Studies Reader. Edited by Mario Biagioli. New York, NY: Routledge, 1999, pp. 479-504. ISBN: 0415918685.

Latour, Bruno. "Give Me a Laboratory and I Will Raise the World." In Science Observed: Perspectives on the Social Study of Science. Edited by Karin Knorr-Cetina, and Michael Mulkay. London, UK: Beverly Hills, CA: Sage Publications, 1983, pp. 141-170. ISBN: 080399783.

Callon, Michel. "Some Elements of a Sociology of Translation: Domestication of the Scallops and the Fishermen of St. Brieuc Bay." In Power, Action and Belief: A New Sociology of Knowledge? Edited by John Law. London, UK: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1986, pp. 196-229. ISBN: 0710208022.

Mackenzie, Donald. "Nuclear Missile Testing and the Social Construction of Accuracy." In The Science Studies Reader. Edited by Mario Biagioli. New York, NY: Routledge, 1998, pp. 342-357. ISBN: 0415918685.

Pickering, Andrew. "The Mangle of Practice: Agency and Emergence in the Sociology of Science." American Journal of Sociology 99, no. 3 (1993): 559-589.

Deleuze, Gilles, and Félix Guattari. 1980. "Excerpt from 1227: Treatise on Nomadology: The War Machine." In A Thousand Plateaus: Capitalism and Schizophrenia. Translated from the French by Brian Massumi. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press, 1987, pp. 395-415. ISBN: 0816614024.
6     科学知识社会学III：机构与文化     Weber, Max. 1918. "Science as a Vocation." In Max Weber: Essays in Sociology. Translated from the German by H. H. Gerth and C. Wright Mills. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 1946, pp. 129-156.

Merton, Robert. 1942. "The Normative Structure of Science." In The Sociology of Science: Theoretical and Empirical Investigations. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 1973, pp. 265-278. ISBN: 0226520919.

Mukerji, Chandra. "War and State Funding in the Twentieth Century." In A Fragile Power: Scientists and the State. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1989, pp. 39-61. ISBN: 0691085382.

Knorr-Cetina, Karin. Epistemic Cultures: How the Sciences Make Knowledge. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1999. ISBN: 0674258940.
7     女性主义与科学     Keller, Evelyn Fox. "Feminism and Science." Signs 7, no. 3 (1982): 589-602.

———. "The Gender/Science System: Or Is Sex to Gender as Nature Is to Science?" Hypatia 2, no. 3 (1987): 37-49.

Traweek, Sharon. "Pilgrim's Progress: Male Tales Told During a Life in Physics." In Beamtimes and Lifetimes: The World of High Energy Physics. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1988, pp. 74-105. ISBN: 0674063481.

Harding, Sandra. "Thinking from the Perspective of Lesbian Lives." In Whose Science, Whose Knowledge? Thinking from Women's Lives. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1991, pp. 249-267. ISBN: 0801497469.

Haraway, Donna. "Situated Knowledges: The Science Question in Feminism and the Privilege of Partial Perspective." In Simians, Cyborgs, and Women: The Reinvention of Nature. New York, NY: Routledge, 1991, pp. 183-202. ISBN: 0415903874.

———. "Modest_Witness@Second_Millennium." In Modest_Witness@Second_Millennium. FemaleMan©_ Meets_OncoMouse™: Feminism and Technoscience. New York, NY: Routledge, 1997, pp. 23-39. ISBN: 0415912458.

Martin, Emily. "The Woman in the Flexible Body." In Revisioning Women, Health, and Healing: Feminist, Cultural, and Technoscience Perspectives. Edited by Adele Clarke and Virginia Olesen. New York, NY: Routledge, 1999, pp. 97-115. ISBN: 0415918464.

Wilson, Elizabeth. "Biologically Inspired Feminism." Australian Feminist Studies 17, no. 39 (2002): 283-285.
8     电子人     Haraway, Donna. "A Cyborg Manifesto: Science, Technology, and Socialist-Feminism in the Late Twentieth Century." In Simians, Cyborgs, and Women: The Reinvention of Nature. New York, NY: Routledge, 1991, pp. 149-182. ISBN: 0415903874.

Sandoval, Chela. "New Sciences: Cyborg Feminism and the Methodology of the Oppressed." In The Cyborg Handbook. Edited by Chris Hables Gray, with the assistance of Heidi J. Figueroa-Sarriera and Steven Mentor. New York, NY: Routledge, 1995, pp. 407-421. ISBN: 0415908485.

Haraway, Donna. "Apes in Eden, Apes in Space." In Primate Visions: Gender, Race, and Nature in the World of Modern Science. New York, NY: Routledge, 1989, pp. 133-156. ISBN: 0415902940.

Gusterson, Hugh. "Bodies and Machines." In Nuclear Rites: A Weapons Laboratory at the End of the Cold War. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1996, pp. 101-130. ISBN: 0520081471.

Helmreich, Stefan. "The Spiritual in Artificial Life: Recombining Science and Religion in a Computational Culture Medium." Science as Culture 6, no. 3 (1997): 363-395.

Dumit, Joseph. "A Digital Image of the Category of the Person: PET Scanning and Objective Self-Fashioning." In Cyborgs and Citadels: Anthropological Interventions in Emerging Sciences. Edited by Gary Lee Downey and Joseph Dumit. Santa Fe, NM: School of American Research Press, 1997, pp. 83-102. ISBN: 0933452977.
9     种族与科学     Schiebinger, Londa. "Who Should Do Science?" In Nature's Body: Gender in the Making of Modern Science. Boston, MA: Beacon Press, 1993, pp. 184-200. ISBN: 080708901X.

Jacobson, Matthew Frye. "Whiteness and Science, from "Free White Persons" in the Republic, 1790-1840." In Whiteness of a Different Color: European Immigrants and the Alchemy of Race. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1998, pp. 31-38. ISBN: 0674063716.

Haraway, Donna. "Universal Donors in a Vampire Culture, Or It's All in the Family: Biological Kinship Categories in the Twentieth-Century United States." In Uncommon Ground: Toward Reinventing Nature. Edited by William Cronon. New York, NY: Norton, 1994, pp. 321-366. ISBN: 0393038726.

Bowker, Geoffrey C., and Susan Leigh Star. "The Case of Race Classification and Reclassification under Apartheid." In Sorting Things Out: Classification and Its Consequences. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2000, pp. 60-64, and 195-225. ISBN: 0262522950.

Stepan, Nancy Leys, and Sander L. Gilman. "Appropriating the Idioms of Science: The Rejection of Scientific Racism." In The "Racial" Economy of Science: Toward a Democratic Future. Edited by Sandra Harding. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 1993, pp. 170-193. ISBN: 0253208106.

Eglash, Ron, and Julian Bleecker. "The Race for Cyberspace: Information Technology in the Black Diaspora." Science as Culture 10, no. 3 (2001): 353-374.
10     生物社会性     Rabinow, Paul. "Artificiality and Enlightenment: From Sociobiology to Biosociality." In Zone 6: Incorporations. Edited by Jonathan Crary, and Sanford Kwinter. Canada: Bradbury Tamblyn and Boorne Ltd. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1992, pp. 234-252. ISBN: 0942299299.

Heath, Deborah. "Bodies, Antibodies, and Modest Interventions." In Cyborgs and Citadels: Anthropological Interventions in Emerging Sciences. Edited by Gary Lee Downey, and Joseph Dumit. Santa Fe, NM: School of American Research Press, 1997, pp. 67-82. ISBN: 0933452977.

Taussig, Karen-Sue, Rayna Rapp, and Deborah Heath. "Flexible Eugenics: Technologies of the Self in the Age of Genetics." In Genetic Nature/Culture: Anthropology and Science Beyond the Two-Culture Divide. Edited by Alan H. Goodman, Deborah Heath, and M. Susan Lindee. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 2003, pp. 58-76. ISBN: 0520237935.

Petryna, Adriana. "Illness as Work: Human Market Transition & Biological Citizenship." In Life Exposed: Biological Citizens after Chernobyl. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2002, pp. 82-148. ISBN: 069109019X.

Franklin, Sarah. "Kinship, Genes and Cloning: Life after Dolly." In Genetic Nature/Culture: Anthropology and Science Beyond the Two-Culture Divide. Edited by Alan H. Goodman, Deborah Heath, and M. Susan Lindee. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 2003, pp. 95-110. ISBN: 0520237935.

Helmreich, Stefan. "Trees and Seas of Information: Alien Kinship and the Biopolitics of Gene Transfer in Marine Biology and Biotechnology." American Ethnologist 30, no. 3 (2003): 341-359.
11     医药     Lock, Margaret. Twice Dead: Organ Transplants and the Reinvention of Death. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 2002. ISBN: 0520228146.
12     技术修辞学：留声机，电话，磁带，样品     Kittler, Friedrich. 1986. "Gramophone." In Gramophone, Film, Typewriter. Translated from the German by Geoffrey Winthrop-Young and Michael Wutz. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1999, pp. 21-114. ISBN: 0804732337.

Ronell, Avital. "Delay Call Forwarding & Birth of a Telephone: Watson - Dead Cats." In The Telephone Book: Technology, Schizophrenia, Electric Speech. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press, 1989, pp. 1-15, and 227-232. ISBN: 0803238762.

Hayles, N. Katherine. "The Materiality of Informatics." In How We Became Posthuman: Virtual Bodies in Cybernetics, Literature, and Informatics. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 1999, pp. 192-221. ISBN: 0226321460.

Weheliye, Alexander. ""Feenin": Posthuman Voices in Contemporary Black Popular Music." Special issue on Afrofuturism. Edited by Alondra Nelson. Social Text 20, no. 2 (2002): 21-47.

Doyle, Richard. "Sympathy for the Alien: Informatic Ecologies and the Proliferation of Abduction." In Wetwares: Experiments in Postvital Living. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press, 2003, pp. 193-216. ISBN: 0816640092.
13     后殖民地点与空间的科技造成     Redfield, Peter. "The Half-Life of Empire in Outer Space." Social Studies of Science 32, no. 6 (2002): 791-825.

Hayden, Cori. When Nature Goes Public: The Making and Unmaking of Bioprospecting in Mexico. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2003. ISBN: 0691095574.

Nelson, Diane. "A Social Science Fiction of Fevers, Delirium, and Discovery: The Calcutta Chromosome, the Colonial Laboratory, and the Postcolonial New Human." Science Fiction Studies 30 (2003): 246-266.
14     课堂会议    

作业

 本课程的作业主要有两项：

 1. 写一篇关于前6个课时中所读参考文献的短论文（5页）（第7课时上交）。

 这篇论文应该对阅读材料中的论据提出批判性思考。应该寻找那些与课堂教学内容相关的主题，例如作为符号活动的实验室操作，对社会建构主义的批判等等。选定主题后，在论文中提出自己的观点，对你认为重要的、与此主题相关的趋势和争论做出分析和论证。

 2. 写一篇15-20页的研究性论文，使用课堂教学内容研讨一项科学的社会分析的个案研究。

 可选用的论文主题包括：

转基因食品政治学，再生技术，生物探矿，器官移植，网络社区，取样等等。

研讨小组

欢迎对本课程感兴趣的教师，学生和自学者加入研讨小组，使用这些材料在自己的教学和学习中与他人进行交流。

  这项服务由麻省理工学院开放课件直接提供，由犹他州立大学教育技术系的开放式可持续学习机会研究小组（Open Sustainable Learning Opportunities Research Group）主办。它为全世界的使用者提供机会，使他们能够相互联系，合作，形成学习小组，并为他们在正式与非正式环境中使用麻省理工学院开放式课件提供支持。

OLS 是一项研究计划，其重点是建立一种"社会软件"，用它来实现以既存开放式教育内容为核心的非正式学习群体的形成。OLS的基本前提假设是，一名使用者如果要得到完整的教育机会，那么他必须拥有某种社会途径，可以联系到能够解答问题、提供帮助的人。通常情况下，免费的开放式网络教育的主办者不提供这种途径，所以这种社会支持只能从其他用户处获取。因此，OLS：

    *
      独立于麻省理工学院开放式课件运作
    *
      要求用户注册并登录使用
    *
      不为用户提供学位或其他证书
    *
      不提供与麻省理工学院或犹他州立大学教学人员相联系的正式途径

现在就连接到STS.350: 科学技术的社会研究的研讨小组 。

开放学习支持（OLS）由The William and Flora Hewlett Foundation提供资助。

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需要脱机使用或网速较低的用户可以下载完整的麻省理工学院开放式课件（zip文件）。尽管麻省理工学院开放式课件是一种长期免费、开放的数字出版物，但是您的资金捐助将能够帮助我们继续提供高质量的出版物以及免费的下载服务（例如以zip格式下载本课程）。 点击此处了解如何为麻省理工学院开放式课件提供资金支持。
课程下载

STS-350Spring-2004.zip

课程下载操作指南

   1.
      点击上面的.zip链接，您的浏览器将开始下载.zip文件（视电脑配置而定）。
   2.
      要打开zip文件，您可能需要下载解压缩软件，例如 WinZip 或 StuffIt。 打开zip文件之后，解压缩的文件可能需要其他软件才能打开。请参看您所下载的课程的主页以确定该课程的软件要求。
   3.
      zip文件下载后，如果您已经安装适用的解压缩软件，则请按照软件操作说明打开并解压zip文件。

定位并使用课程材料

成功解压zip文件后，使用您的浏览器打开课程的html主页。解压后文件目录中根文件夹里的Welcome.htm文件将为您下载的课程重新定位主页。

所有的课程材料（包括zip文件）的使用，都要受制于Creative Commons license。该条款同时规范所有麻省理工学院开放式课件材料的使用。无论您是在线还是脱机使用麻省理工学院开放式课件的材料，都请您阅读 麻省理工学院开放式课件使用许可 以确保您没有逾越麻省理工学院开放式课件使用条款的许可范围。
常见问题

   1. 下载一门课程需要多长时间？

      麻省理工学院开放式课件的zip文件大小从1兆到逾100兆不等。大多数课程文件的大小为25兆-30兆。下载zip文件可能耗费一定时间。 下载时间取决于您的网速。

   2. 为什么一些材料，例如视频和媒体仿真文件会从zip文件包里丢失？

      一些文件，例如视频、java程序等，以及一些特殊内容并没有进入麻省理工学院开放式课件的服务器，它们也没有被纳入zip文件包，但是我们为这些文件提供了链接。您可以通过点击zip文件里的课程主页，查看麻省理工学院开放式课件的整个站点。要下载麻省理工学院开放式课件的视频文件，请参阅 麻省理工学院开放式课件网站上的FAQ 。

   3. 如果我遇到下载问题，我应该和谁联系？

      通过 Feedback Form 或 ocw@mit.edu 和麻省理工学院开放式课件工作组取得联系.

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