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道 |
新趋势 奇思妙想 科学探索 科幻奇幻 |
网络研究 统计定量 社会学研究 书摘读后感 |
软件评测 数据指标 实用信息 有趣的东西 |
网络赚钱 投资创业 新闻评论 网站经营 |
美景美人 人物朋友 情感回忆梦 forcode生活 |
新版的Google Toobar主要功能包括：字词翻译器功能（只要把鼠标停在单词上，工具栏的字词翻译器就会把它翻译为您的语言。目前，Google 可以把英语翻译成繁体中文、简体中文、日语、韩语、法语、意大利语、德语和西班牙语）、实名通（无需网址，输入网站名称即可浏览该网站）、弹出式窗口拦截 器（拦截烦人的弹出式窗口）等。
http://toolbar.google.com/T3/intl/zh-CN
Education
Ph.D., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1981; B.A., Amherst College, 1976
Background
Current Position(s): Member of External Faculty, Santa Fe Institute; Member, National Academy of Sciences Institute of Medicine Committee on Advances in Technology and the Prevention of their Applications to Next Generation Biowarfare Threats
Previous Position(s): Visiting Lecturer, Woodrow Wilson School, Princeton University; International Relations Fellow, Rockefeller Foundation; International Affairs Fellow, Council on Foreign Relations, U.S. Department of State and U.S. Senate Armed Services Committee; Consultant, RAND Corporation
| Selected Publications |
Publications on the Brookings Website Generative Social Science: Studies in Agent-Based Computational Modeling (Princeton University Press, forthcoming, 2005)
Toward a Containment Strategy for Smallpox Bioterror: An Individual-Based Computational Approach, with Derek A.T. Cummings, Shubba Chakravarty, Ramesh M. Singa, and Donald S. Burke (2004)
"Modeling Civil Violence: An Agent-Based Computational Approach," Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (May 2002)
"Learning to be Thoughtless: Social Norms and Individual Computation," Computational Economics (2001)
Nonlinear Dynamics, Mathematical Biology, and Social Science (Addison-Wesley/Santa Fe Institute, 1997)
Growing Artificial Societies: Social Science from the Bottom Up, with Robert Axtell (Brookings/MIT Press, 1996)
"Controlling the Greenhouse Effect: Five Global Regimes Compared," with Raj Gupta, Brookings Occasional Papers (1990)
Conventional Force Reductions: A Dynamic Assessment (1990)
Strategy and Force Planning: The Case of the Persian Gulf (1987)
The 1988 Defense Budget (1987)
The 1987 Defense Budget (1986)
Publications on the Brookings Website
| Robert Axtell Senior Fellow, Economic Studies
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Education
Ph.D., Carnegie Mellon University, 1992; B.S., University of Detroit, 1983
Background
Current Position(s): Distinguished Visiting Professor, Middlebury College
Previous Position(s): Visiting Professor, Graduate Faculty of New School University; Adjunct Professor of Computational Social Science, George Mason University; Adjunct Professor of Computer Science, Georgetown University; Visiting Associate Professor of Economics, The Johns Hopkins University
| Selected Publications |
Publications on the Brookings Website "The Complexity of Exchange," Economic Journal (2005)
"Economics as Distributed Computation," Meeting the Challenge of Soical Problems via Agent-Based Simulation, H. Deguchi, K. Takadama, and T. Terano, editors (Springer-Verlag, 2003)
"Agent-Based Modeling and Industrial Ecology," with C.J. Andrews and M.J. Small, Journal of Industrial Ecology (2002)
"Population Growth and Collapse in a Multi-Agent Model of the Kayenta Anasazi in Long House Valley," co-author, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (2002)
"Zipf Distribution of U.S. Firm Sizes," Science (2001)
"Coordination in Transient Social Networks: An Agent-Based Model of the Timing of Retirement ," with J.M. Epstein, Behavioral Dimensions of Retirement Economics, Henry J. Aaron, ed. (Brookings/Russell Sage, 1999)
Growing Artificial Societies: Social Science from the Bottom Up, with Joshua Epstein (Brookings/MIT Press, 1996)
"Aligning Simulation Models: A Case Study and Results," with R. Axelrod, J.M. Epstein and M.D. Cohen, Computational and Mathematical Organization Theory, vol.1, (1996)
"Foresight as a Survival Characteristic," with R.U. Ayres, Journal of Technological Forecasting and Social Change, vol. 51, no.1, (1996)
"Reevaluating the Relationship Between Transferable Property Rights and Command and Control Regulation," with Robert Hahn, Journal of Regulatory Economics, Vol. 8 , (1995)
"Agent-Based Modeling: Understanding Our Creations," with Joshua M. Epstein, The Bulletin of The Santa Fe Institute (Winter 1994)
 | Animation II-2. (3.66 MB) Agents (in red) harvest sugar (yellow) from a landscape of renewable resources. Each period each agent searches its neighborhood for the site richest is sugar, moves there and harvests the sugar. Sugar grows back at unit rate. Agents die if they are unable to find enough food to satisfy their metabolic demands. |
 | Animation III-15. (2.13 MB) Agents, identified by their culture, are initially scattered around the sugarscape. Over time, purposive behavior (sugar harvesting) leads individual agents to the areas richest in sugar. There, they engage in sexual reproduction and cultural exchange, producing large, culturally-distinct, spatially-isolated populations ("tribes"). Eventually, population pressures mount, the tribes are forced onto less fertile land, and they begin to interact. |
 | Animation IV-2. (552 KB) Bilateral exchange in a spatially-distributed population of agents may fail to produce a Pareto optimal allocation when agents also engage in production and consumption. This is demonstrated by this movie, in which aggregate supply and demand schedules are plotted together with actual average trade price and total trade quantity for exchange between Sugarscape agents, animated over time. |
 | Animation V-3. (1.66 MB) Disease transmission network. Red nodes are sick, blue nodes are healthy, and lines between nodes indicate that one of the agents has caught a disease from the other. |
On a small, bagel-shaped planet, tribes of natives—collectively known as "agents"—go about their lives. They reproduce. They eat. They travel. They squabble over limited resources, or trade them if doing so is to their mutual advantage.
They exist entirely in a computer.
Unlike many other research-oriented computer models, Sugarscape uses the bottom-up approach known as agent-based modeling. Rather than design models from stem to stern, Brookings researchers Joshua Epstein and Robert Axtell grow them by imposing a few simple rules on Sugarscape's agents, then studying the aggregate effects of the resulting interactions. Complex effects need not have complex causes; with their simple, bottom-up approach, Epstein and Axtell have used Sugarscape to model a variety of complex situations—including an entire proto-history, complete with cultural evolution, population pressures, and warfare.
A more detailed account of this research is available in Growing Artificial Societies. A CD-ROM of the Sugarscape platform accompanies the book.
To view Sugarscape in action, visit the Sugarscape movies page.
New comment on your post #268 "你对编程的理解是基于现在的软件水平"
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Comment:
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